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1 vat
< leath> ■ Geschirr n<pack.food> ■ Bottich m<pack.food> (barrel or drum container for liquids) ■ Fass n<pack.proc> ■ Trog m<pap.proc> ■ Bütte f -
2 Macintosh, Charles
[br]b. 29 December 1766 Glasgow, Scotlandd. 25 July 1843 Dunchattan, near Glasgow, Scotland[br]Scottish inventor of rubberized waterproof clothing.[br]As the son of the well-known and inventive dyer George Macintosh, Charles had an early interest in chemistry. At the age of 19 he gave up his work as a clerk with a Glasgow merchant to manufacture sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride) and developed new processes in dyeing. In 1797 he started the first Scottish alum works, finding the alum in waste shale from coal mines. His first works was at Hurlet, Renfrewshire, and was followed later by others. He then formed a partnership with Charles Tennant, the proprietor of a chemical works at St Rollox, near Glasgow, and sold "lime bleaching liquor" made with chlorine and milk of lime from their bleach works at Darnley. A year later the use of dry lime to make bleaching powder, a process worked out by Macintosh, was patented. Macintosh remained associated with Tennant's St Rollox chemical works until 1814. During this time, in 1809, he had set up a yeast factory, but it failed because of opposition from the London brewers.There was a steady demand for the ammonia that gas works produced, but the tar was often looked upon as an inconvenient waste product. Macintosh bought all the ammonia and tar that the Glasgow works produced, using the ammonia in his establishment to produce cudbear, a dyestuff extracted from various lichens. Cudbear could be used with appropriate mordants to make shades from pink to blue. The tar could be distilled to produce naphtha, which was used as a flare. Macintosh also became interested in ironmaking. In 1825 he took out a patent for converting malleable iron into steel by taking it to white heat in a current of gas with a carbon content, such as coal gas. However, the process was not commercially successful because of the difficulty keeping the furnace gas-tight. In 1828 he assisted J.B. Neilson in bringing hot blast into use in blast furnaces; Neilson assigned Macintosh a share in the patent, which was of dubious benefit as it involved him in the tortuous litigation that surrounded the patent until 1843.In June 1823, as a result of experiments into the possible uses of naphtha obtained as a by-product of the distillation of coal tar, Macintosh patented his process for waterproofing fabric. This comprised dissolving rubber in naphtha and applying the solution to two pieces of cloth which were afterwards pressed together to form an impermeable compound fabric. After an experimental period in Glasgow, Macintosh commenced manufacture in Manchester, where he formed a partnership with H.H.Birley, B.Kirk and R.W.Barton. Birley was a cotton spinner and weaver and was looking for ways to extend the output of his cloth. He was amongst the first to light his mills with gas, so he shared a common interest with Macintosh.New buildings were erected for the production of waterproof cloth in 1824–5, but there were considerable teething troubles with the process, particularly in the spreading of the rubber solution onto the cloth. Peter Ewart helped to install the machinery, including a steam engine supplied by Boulton \& Watt, and the naphtha was supplied from Macintosh's works in Glasgow. It seems that the process was still giving difficulties when Thomas Hancock, the foremost rubber technologist of that time, became involved in 1830 and was made a partner in 1834. By 1836 the waterproof coat was being called a "mackintosh" [sic] and was gaining such popularity that the Manchester business was expanded with additional premises. Macintosh's business was gradually enlarged to include many other kinds of indiarubber products, such as rubber shoes and cushions.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1823.Further ReadingG.Macintosh, 1847, Memoir of Charles Macintosh, London (the fullest account of Charles Macintosh's life).T.Hancock, 1957, Narrative of the Indiarubber Manufacture, London.H.Schurer, 1953, "The macintosh: the paternity of an invention", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 28:77–87 (an account of the invention of the mackintosh).RLH / LRD -
3 Random Dyeing
Processes of dyeing yarn with some portions in one colour and other portions a different colour or left white. This is done in various ways. 1. - By tightly tying skeins in two or more places and dyeing at one side of the tie with one colour and at the other side with another colour. 2. - By printing colour on to skeins spread on the blanket of the printing machine. 3. - By placing cones or packages of the yarn on hollow spindles, forming channels through the yarn with an air-operated punch, and drawing dyestuff through these pierced holes by suction. The yarn immediately surrounding the punch absorbs the dye and random coloration of the yarn is effected. -
4 dye
1. n краска, краситель, красящее вещество2. n краска, окраска, цвет3. v красить, окрашивать4. v окрашиваться, краситься, принимать краскуСинонимический ряд:1. color (noun) color; colorant; coloring; colour; colouring; dyestuff; hue; paint; pigment; shade; stain; tincture; tinge; tint; tone2. impregnate with color (verb) bleach; color; colour; impregnate with color; impregnate with colour; stain; tint; whitenАнтонимический ряд: -
5 stain
1. n пятно2. n позорящий факт, пятно3. n краситель, краска, красящее вещество4. n протрава, морилкаstain for wood — протрава для дерева; морилка
5. v пятнать, покрывать пятнами, пачкать6. v покрываться пятнами, пачкаться7. v позорить, пятнать8. v красить, окрашивать9. v краситься, окрашиваться10. v текст. набивать рисунок11. v морить; протравливать12. v протравливаться, моритьсяСинонимический ряд:1. blot (noun) blot; blotch; discoloration; discolouration; imperfection; mark; mottle; smudge2. color (noun) color; colorant; coloring; colour; colouring; dye; dyestuff; pigment; reagent; tincture; tint3. spot (noun) blemish; disgrace; dishonor; dishonour; spot; taint; tarnish4. stigma (noun) bar sinister; black eye; blur; brand; odium; onus; slur; stigma5. debase (verb) animalize; bastardize; bestialize; brutalize; canker; debase; debauch; demoralise; demoralize; deprave; pervert; poison; rot; vitiate; warp6. dishonor (verb) blemish; corrupt; defile; disgrace; dishonor; dishonour; mark; tarnish7. dye (verb) color; colour; dye; tinge; tint8. taint (verb) befoul; besmear; besmirch; bespatter; bestain; blacken; blot; blur; cloud; denigrate; dirty; discolor; discolour; smear; smudge; smut; smutch; soil; spot; streak; sully; taint; tarАнтонимический ряд: -
6 tincture
1. n раствор2. n фарм. тинктура, настойка3. n оттенок; примесь4. n привкус; след5. n налёт6. n уст. краска7. n уст. особенность; колорит8. n металлы и цвета, используемые в геральдике9. v окрашивать; подкрашивать, придавать оттенок10. v уст. пропитыватьСинонимический ряд:1. hint (noun) breath; cast; dash; hint; intimation; lick; shade; shadow; smack; smatch; smell; soupcon; spice; sprinkling; strain; streak; suggestion; suspicion; taste; tinge; touch; trace; trifle; twang; vein; whiff; whisper; wink2. pigment (noun) color; colorant; colour; colouring; dye; dyestuff; pigment; stain; tint3. tint (verb) complexion; tinge; tint -
7 Hofmann, August Wilhelm von
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 8 April 1818 Giessen, Germanyd. 2 May 1892 Berlin, Germany[br]German organic chemist.[br]The son of an architect, Hofmann began studying law and languages but was increasingly drawn to chemistry, attracted by Liebig's teaching at Giessen. In 1841 Hofmann took his doctorate with a study of coal tar. He became Privatdozent at Bonn University in 1845, but later that year he was persuaded to take up the post of first Director of the Royal College of Chemistry in London, after tenure was guaranteed as a result of Prince Albert's influence. He remained there for twenty years until he was offered professorships in chemistry at Bonn and Berlin. He accepted the latter. Hofmann continued the method of teaching chemistry, based on laboratory instruction, developed by Liebig at Giessen, and extended it to England and Berlin. A steady stream of well-trained chemists issued forth from Hofmann's tuition, concerning themselves especially with experimental organic chemistry and the industrial applications of chemistry. In 1848 one of his students, C.B. Mansfield, devised the method of fractional distillation of coal tar, to separate pure benzene, xylene and toluene, thus laying the foundations of the coal-tar industry. In 1856 another student, W.H. Perkin, prepared the first synthetic dyestuff, aniline purple, heralding the great dyestuffs industry, in which several other of his students distinguished themselves. Although keenly interested in the chemistry of dyestuffs, Hofmann did not pursue their large-scale preparation, but he stressed the importance of scientific research for success on a commercial scale. Hofmann's stimulus in this direction flagged after his return to Germany, and this was a factor in the failure of British industry to follow up their initial advantage and allow it to pass to Germany. In 1862 Hofmann prepared a dye from a derivative of triphenylmethane, which he called rosaniline. From this he derived a series of beautiful colours, ranging from blue to violet, which he patented as "Hofmann's violets" the following year.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsEnnobled 1888.Further ReadingJ.Volhard and E.Fischer, 1902, August Wilhelm von Hofmann, ein Lebensbild, Berlin (the basic biography).K.M.Hammond, 1967, bibliography, unpublished, (Diploma in Librarianship, London University (lists 373 items; deposited in University College, London)).LRDBiographical history of technology > Hofmann, August Wilhelm von
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8 overdye
[ˌəuvə'daɪ]гл. -
9 colour
1. n цвет; тон; оттенокcolour array — цветовая гамма, шкала цветов
out of colour — выцветший, выгоревший
2. n краска; красящее вещество, пигмент3. n иск. умение пользоваться цветом, колоритомhe is great in colour — он большой мастер цвета, он замечательный колорист
4. n спец. колер5. n цвет лица; румянец6. n цвет кожи; расовая принадлежность7. n видимость; оттенок, налёт8. n свет, вид9. n яркость, живость10. n муз. тембр, оттенок11. n предлог12. n арх. риторические фигурыrhetorical colours — тропы, риторические фигуры
13. n юр. очевидное, не требующее особых доказательств, законное право14. n амер. следы или крупинки золота в промываемой руде15. v красить, окрашивать, раскрашивать16. v принимать окраску, окрашиваться17. v покраснеть, зардеться18. v рдеть, поспевать19. v накладывать отпечаток20. v приукрашивать; искажатьСинонимический ряд:1. colouration (noun) brilliance; cast; colouration; hue; intensity; shade; tone2. colouring (noun) colorant; colouring; dye; dyestuff; pigment; stain; tincture; tint3. complexion (noun) coloration; complexion4. face (noun) cloak; cover; deception; disguise; facade; face; front; gloss; guise; mask; masquerade; outward appearance; pretence; pretext; semblance; show; veil; veneer; window-dressing5. bias (verb) bias; prejudice; prepossess; warp6. flush (verb) bloom; blush; crimson; flush; glow; mantle; redden7. gloss (verb) gild; gloss; palliate; varnish; veneer; whitewash8. load (verb) belie; corrupt; deceive; disguise; distort; falsify; load; misrepresent; misstate; pervert; slant; twist; wrench9. tinge (verb) daub; dye; imbue; paint; stain; stipple; tinge; tintАнтонимический ряд:nakedness; openness -
10 Carocolillo
A term in the West Indies for the imported cotton yarn, when dyed red with the dyestuff obtained from the carocol shell.
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